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 * History**

After a century of war & riots, France was ruled ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time.
 * The Reign of Louis XIV[[image:Louis_XIV.jpg width="172" height="284" caption="Louis XIV"]]**
 * Louis's abuse of power led to revolution that would inspire the call for for democratic government
 * Catholics & Huguenots fought 8 religious wars between 1562-1598
 * Henry of Navarre escaped the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572
 * He then became Henry IV in 1589, the 1st king of the Bourbon Dynasty
 * In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was a major step toward religious peace
 * Henry was killed in 1610 by a religious fanatic
 * Louis XIII took over
 * Louis gave his power to his adviser Richelieu
 * Richelieu weakened the Huguenots & the nobles
 * Richelieu wanted to make France powerful, so he moved against hapsburgs in the Thirty Years War
 * Cardinal Mazarin ruled France while Louis XIV was a boy
 * Louis XIV took over when he turned 22, & used his intendants to control the nobles
 * Louis XIV cancelled the Edict of Nantes, which hurt France's economy

Absolute rulersin England are overthrown
 * Parliament Limits English Monarchy**[[image:Charles_I.jpg width="160" height="197" caption="Charle's I"]]
 * James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603
 * Struggles with parliament over money
 * James's son Charles I becomes king in 1625
 * Charles I also fights over money
 * Petition limits Charles power(ignored)
 * After Puritans win, Charles faces trial & execution in 1649
 * After Cromwell dies in 1658, Government collapses
 * Parliament asks Charles I son to rule
 * Return of monarchy due to Charles II
 * Charles catholic brother James becomes king in 1685
 * Glorious Revolution-Bloodless overthrow of James II in 1688
 * Protestants William & Mary become rulers of England
 * Agree to a Constitutional Monarchy-legal limits on royal power

In the mid-1500's, scientists began to question accepted beliefs & make new theories based on experiments
 * The Scientific Revolution**
 * Most knowledge comes from the Bible, Greek/Roman sources
 * Supports Geocentric Theory(moon, stars, & planets revolve around the earth)
 * Scientific Revolution- new ways of viewing the world based on observations
 * Copernicus develops Heliocentric Theory(planets revolve around sun)
 * Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances on Astronomy
 * Galilei supports Heliocentric Theory
 * Church fears it will weaken peoples faith against the Church
 * Pope forces Galileo to declare his & other new findings false
 * Scientific Revolution leads to Scientific Method
 * Bacon & Descartes help to create Scientific Method
 * English scientist Isaac Newton develops Laws of Motion
 * States that gravitation holds every object in the Universe
 * New instruments lead to better observations/new discoveries
 * Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of Anatomy
 * Edward Jenner produces worlds first vaccination for smallpox

A revolution in intellectual activity changes Europeans' view of government & society
 * The Enlightenment in Europe**
 * Enlightenment- a movement stressing reason and thought
 * Promotes social contract-getting order by giving power to monarch
 * Stresses that people have the right to overthrow an unjust Government
 * Values of nature, happiness, progress, liberty
 * Montesquieu favors separation of powers to keep one body from running Government
 * Some wealthy women use their status to spread enlightenment
 * Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of woman's roles
 * Scientists breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society
 * New knowledge of the world leads people to question religious ideas


 * Napoleon's Rule**
 * Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seized power in France & made himself Emperor
 * In Oct. 1795, royalists rebel marched on the National Convection
 * Napoleon was commanded to defend the delegates. Napoleon & his gunners greeted thousands of royalists with a cannon
 * Within minutes, the attackers fled in panic & confusion
 * Napoleon Bonaparte was hailed throughout Paris as their savior
 * In Nov. 1799, Napoleon led a takeover of France
 * In 1799, Britain, Austria, & Russia joined forces to drive Napoleon from power
 * Napoleon won & built up France
 * Napoleon thought that his greatest achievement was the Napoleonic Code
 * This gave the country a uniform set of laws & eliminated many injustices.
 * This however, limited liberty & promoted order & authorized over individual rights

The industrial revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, & has a strong impact on economics, politics & society
 * The Industrial Revolution**
 * Greatly increases use of machines and creates larger city populations stuff down
 * Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels
 * Cotton gin boosts american cotton production to meet British demand
 * Laissez faire- economic policy of not interfering with business
 * Socialism- factors of production owned by, operated for the people
 * Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of Steam Engine
 * James Watt improves Steam Engine, financed by Matthew Fulton
 * Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1897
 * Englands water transport improves by canals
 * Capitalism- system of privately owned business seeking profits
 * Communism- society where where people own/share the means of production

Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, & city-states. Europeans establish colonies.
 * The Scramble for Africa[[image:Shaka.jpg width="150" height="242" caption="Shaka"]]**
 * Imperialism- seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
 * Racism- belif that one race is superior to another
 * Missionaries, explorers. &humanitarians reach interiior of Africa
 * Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest
 * Shaka, Zulu Chief, creates centralized states around 1887
 * British defeats Zulus & gain control of their land
 * Boers, Dutch farmers, take Africans' land
 * Boers clash with British
 * Starts the Boer War
 * British win
 * Selim III attemps to modernize army & fails
 * Geopolotics- taking land for it's strategic location or production
 * Accesses sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands
 * Crimean War starts when Russia attacks Ottomans to gain control of warm-water ports
 * Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak

Western economics pressure forces China to open to foreign trade & influence
 * China Resists Outside Influence**
 * Guangzhou, southern port, is only port open to foreign trade
 * British smuggle Opium. Many Chineze become addicted
 * Opium War corrupts
 * China looses to more modern British Navy
 * Meiji Era- time of reforms by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito
 * Mutsuhito reforms, modernizes using western modles
 * Japan attacks Russia in 1904, launching Russo-Japanese War
 * In 1910, Japan annexation Korea